Har yanzu ina tuna yadda a kwalejinmu ta firistoci, Miss Agustina, malama ta EGB ta aji 2, ta bayyana mana me yasa karnuka basa so kamar mutanen, kuma saboda ba su da ruhu, kuma duk da cewa su ma halittun Allah ne, sun kasance ƙanƙantattun mutane ... akwai nazarin da ya tabbatar da hakan.
A wannan lokacin ban san abin da zan amsa masa ba. A yau na kawo muku wannan labarin ne a matsayin amsa ga kaina, kuma tabbas, ina so in raba muku shi. Na bar ku da shigarwa: Wanene ya ce karnuka ba su da ji?
Yana da matukar wahala (kusan ba zai yuwu ba) ga maigidan kare, cewa dabbar gidansa ba ta da motsin rai ko ji. Duk wanda yake da kare zai gaya maka, cewa karen nasa kawai kuna buƙatar magana don zama mutum. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masana kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka nace kan batun. Inda waɗannan muryoyin suka fito kuma menene manufar su, shine batun da ya shagaltar dani a cikin rubutun yau.
Bari mu fara injuna ...
Jin motsin rai da Ji a cikin karnukanmu
Yana da matukar wahala a tabbatar cewa karnuka basu da motsin raiKoyaya, tsawon karnoni, masana kimiyya na duniya sun yi tambaya game da ikon, ba kawai na karnuka ba, har ma na duk dabbobi, da za su yi farin ciki su ji kuma su fassara halayensu a matakin sane. Ba daga yanzu bane.
Masana kimiyya da masu bincike na kowane nau'i sun daɗe suna riƙe da ka'idar cewa karnuka ba su da motsin rai ko ji. Descartes, alal misali, ya ce game da karnuka cewa su injinan motsa rai ne (Machina Animata wanda ya ce da), kuma a yau akwai ra'ayoyi iri daban-daban game da yadda ba shi yiwuwa ga kare ya ji ko ya yi murna.
Masanin dabbobi da farfesa a Kimiyyar Dabbobi Fred Metzger, yana da nasa ra'ayin game da wannan:
Karnuka basa jin motsin su kamar mu. Basu sona kamar mu. Abin da kare yake yi shi ne saka jari a cikin ɗan adam, yana haɓaka kowane irin ɗabi'un da zasu taimaka don samun so ko abinci. Ta wannan hanyar, gwargwadon yadda dabba ke da taushi da tausayawa, hakan zai sa a karɓa sosai. Ba da daɗewa ba kare ya ba da labarin cewa gwargwadon ƙarfin da yake kula da shi don ya motsa, gwargwadon sakamakonsa zai kasance, kuma abin da yake yi kenan, kwaikwayon soyayya.
Na yi imanin cewa idan muka bar karen na wani lokaci tare da wasu makwabta, kuma suka bayar da lada iri daya, nan da nan karen zai so su kamar masu su.
Ni kaina, kafin wannan ikirarin na a Farfesa na Kimiyyar Dabbobi, Dole ne in yi mamaki. Duk da haka nesa da rikicewa yanzu tare da ra'ayina na kaina game da ka'idar Doctor Metzger, zan ci gaba kuma daga baya, Zan yi kokarin bayyana ra'ayi na game da abin da ya ce, da kuma game da abin da ya daina faɗin.
Yanzu, a wannan lokacin ina so in yi wasu tambayoyin marasa jin daɗi:
A bayyane yake cewa a yau, yanayin gaba ɗaya ba shine bincika dalilin da yasa karnuka basu da motsin rai ba, amma akasin haka. Abubuwan hulɗa tsakanin karnuka da mutane da bincikensu ana samun su ne a cikin babban binciken da masana kimiyya na duniya ke yi, wanda ba masanan ilimin ɗabi'a, likitocin dabbobi da masu ilmantarwa kawai ke nazarin karnuka da hankalinsu na tunani ba, har ma da likitocin jijiyoyin jiki, masana kimiyyar halittu har ma da masu ilimin zamantakewar al'umma. Duk suna ƙoƙari su nuna cewa karnuka suna cikin farin ciki da jin dadi. Tare, suna neman sabbin hanyoyin da zasu sanya wannan alaka ta musamman wacce muke da ita tare da karnuka wadanda suka fi karfi, wadatattu kuma sunada hankali, cewa a cikin sabbin hanyoyi zasu bamu damar amfani da kyawawan abubuwan kadarorin da wannan alakar take kawowa ga mutane, da dukkan aikace-aikace. yana da.
To, idan haka ne, wa yake yin wani bincike don tabbatar da akasin haka? Wanene ya kashe kuɗi don tabbatar da cewa karnuka basu da ji? Wanene ke da sha'awa? kamar yadda Romawa suka ce: Cui Bono?
Kuma anan ne duhun wannan batun ya fara.
Wanene ya amfana?
Na fara da yarda cewa bana son zurfafa bincike game da batun, tunda abin ciwo ne a gare ni, ga labarai da karatu game da gwajin dabba, duk da haka na yi ƙoƙari na zama mai gaskiya kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma a nan na bar muku shawarata . Na rantse tunda ni karama ce Ina ƙin duk abin da ya shafi gwajin dabbobi Kuma kamar yadda wannan batun motsa jiki ne na munafunci a matakin zamantakewar, duk da haka, zan mai da hankali ga ƙoƙarin sanar da ku gwargwadon iko. Kuma shine batun yana da marmashewa.
Haka ne, tun ƙarnuka da yawa, mutane sun gwada dabbobi. Ci gabanmu na likitanci an gina shi ne akan gawarwakin miliyoyin dabbobi, daga beraye zuwa dawakai. Kuma wannan ya kasance babban kasuwanci.
A yau, akwai da yawa kamfanonin da ke sayar da dabbobi don gwaji kimiyya Wadannan kamfanoni sun kasance a cikin Amurka, kodayake, a cikin yan shekarun da suka gabata, an bude kamfanoni daban-daban wadanda suka sadaukar da kiwon dabbobi don gwajin asibiti. Wannan yana nufin cewa, alal misali, kamfanoni kamar Noveprim, wanda aka sadaukar domin kiwon birai don gwaji, kuma wanda ke da nasa nau'in birai don gwajin rajista tare da haƙƙin mallaka, sun gina cibiyar kiwo a Camarles, Tarragona, daga inda za su samar da kamfanoni a Turai. Wannan kamfani ya sayi rabin hannun jarinsa daga wani kamfani a fannin, COVANCE, wanda aka sadaukar domin samar da ayyuka ga kamfanonin kimiyya da magunguna, duk da cewa babban kwastomominsa shine Sojojin Amurka.
Kuma a Spain?
A Spain ma ana gwada ta da dabbobi. Jami'ar Complutense ta Madrid tana da matsakaitan batutuwa 50 a gwaji, duk nau'in Beagle, wanda shine nau'in da yawanci ake amfani da shi don wannan. Waɗannan karnukan na kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke sadaukar da kansu ga ayyukan binciken kimiyya, kamar su Harlan Iberica, Charles River ko B&K Universal. Waɗannan kamfanonin suna tallatawa da rayuwar masu rai, kuma suna samun kuɗi da yawa da shi. Farashin Beagle don gwaji tare da kusan Yuro 1000. Farashin Beagle, ga kowane mutum, tare da asalinsa, ba zai wuce 500 eu ba. Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai bambanci sosai.
Kodayake sau dayawa bamu san dashi ba, a zahiri, yawancin kayayyaki waɗanda muke cinyewa yau da kullun, ana gwada su akan dabbobi. Kayan shafawa, kwayoyi, abinci, sabbin kayan aiki, da dogon sauransu, ana gwada su tare da abokanmu na canine (da sauran dabbobi da yawa, anan lambobin hukuma na dabbobin da aka yi amfani da su a Spain), kuma amfani da su ya shafi sauran bangarori, daga Jami'oi, inda ake amfani da su don gwaji ta ɗalibai a rassa kamar Magunguna ko Magungunan dabbobi, ko kuma don aikin soja, wanda shine na fi so kar in yi tsokaci game da lafiyar motsin kaina.
Waɗannan ire-iren kamfanonin, sun mai da hankali ga kamfen ɗin tallan su, sun mai da hankali ga hanyar da suke so mu ga kamfanonin su, shekarun da suka gabata, cikin nunawa ta hanyar karatun kimiyya na shakka sakamakon, wanda dabbobi basu ji baBa su da ma motsin rai. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa musu yarda da ra'ayin jama'a, wanda ya sauƙaƙa musu ci gaba a matsayin kamfani. Ba abu bane mai sauki ka samu masu saka jari idan sunyi tunanin aikin ka cewa kai mai kisan dabba ne. Wannan yana da sauƙin fahimta.
A saboda wannan dalili, irin wannan kamfanin koyaushe yana sadaukar da babban ɓangare na kasafin kuɗin tallarsa yi ƙoƙari don samun kyakkyawar yarda tsakanin ra'ayin jama'a, kuma saboda wannan dalili, ɗayan ƙoƙarinsa na farko shi ne ƙoƙari ya nuna cewa dabbobi ba su da motsin rai ko ji kamar na mutane. Kodayake ba a yi nazarin abin da ake kira hankali ba kamar yadda yake a yau, yunƙurin farko da injunan masana'antar waɗannan kamfanoni suka yanke shi ne yanke alaƙar da mutane ke da ita, ta motsin rai da dabbobi, musamman ma da karnuka. Hanyar sa ta kokarin yanke wancan kunnen doki shine ta hanyar karatu, wanda, ta hanyar kaidoji irin na Farfesa Metzger, ya nuna cewa karnuka basa shan wahala kamar mutane, kuma wannan ya sanya suka zama fitattun abubuwan gwaji. Kamar yadda nace muku.
Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayin bai kama ba ba komai bane a gaban masoyan dabbobi, kuma wannan soyayyar da muke yiwa karnukanmu, ya haifar da karatun kimiya mara adadi, tare da tabbatacce kuma ingantaccen sakamako, wanda yake gaya mana akasin haka.
Me kamfanoni a cikin sashin suka yi yi kokarin rage tasirin mara kyau Me ke haifar da kasuwancin ku a cikin hoton kamfanin ku a gaban jama'a? Da kyau, yi abin da na gani a matsayin ci gaban jirgi. Kodayake tabbas, idan aka ba da hanyoyin da wannan sashen na masana'antar ke da shi, yana iya zama da kyau a gare su. Kuma bari in bayyana.
Inda komai yafito
Lokacin da nake kokarin fayyace wannan al'amari kaɗan, kuma ga inda karatun da ya goyi bayan rashin sanin motsin rai a cikin dabbobi, daga baya na sami labarin ɗayan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi, kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu ba da shawara don gwajin dabba. Yayinda kake karanta abokaina.
Wadannan mahaɗan, kare buƙatar yin gwaji tare da dabbobi kuma suna gabatar da kalmomi kamar su Bioethics ko Animal Welfare, kuma suna gaya mana game da hanyoyin aminci da ƙa'idodi na asali kamar na 3R (Sauya amfani da dabbobi tare da al'adun kwayar halitta ko kwafin komputa idan ya yiwu, Rage adadin dabbobi zuwa waɗanda suke tsananin buƙata kuma Tantance hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen bunkasa walwalar dabbobi), domin a ba da hujjar aikinsu, don haka a ji dadin irin damar da sauran kamfanoni ke samu.
A saboda wannan sun yi amfani da na kungiyar kwadago shine karfi, da kuma mu'amalar kamfanoni a bangaren, lokacin da suke nema Ka'idojin talla wadanda ke warware mummunar surar su, Yana da girma ƙwarai da ƙarfi, kuma ya fi ƙarfin bayyana a ƙungiyoyi da al'ummomi daban-daban na duniya kamar:
To akwai kuma ƙungiyoyin nahiyoyi, misali EARA(Anungiyar Turawa ta Dabbobi ta Turai) wacce duk waɗannan abubuwan da ke sama suka ba da kuɗin, waɗanda kuma kamfanoni ke ba da kuɗi ga kamfanonin bincike. Bari mu sanya maɓalli azaman samfurin:
El TAMBAYA shi ne Spanishungiyar Mutanen Espanya don Kimiyyar Dabbobin Laboratory, wanda shine fasalin Mutanen Espanya na ƙungiyoyin da aka ambata a sama. Wannan Societyungiyar tana tallafawa ta kamfanoni kamar:
Waɗannan kamfanoni da wasu da dama suna ba da kuɗin Spanishungiyar Mutanen Espanya don Kimiyyar Dabbobin Laboratorytare da abubuwan taimako, kuma a cikin rashi, wannan mahaɗan, yana haɓaka fa'idodi ga bil'adama da buƙatar gwajin dabbobi a cikin mafi bambancin siffofin da hanyoyi masu yuwuwa. Misali, bayar da horo a cikin kwasa-kwasan karawa juna sani, karawa juna sani da taro, inda Malaman Jami’o’i, Likitoci da Daraktocin Makarantu da Kungiyoyin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ke shiga a matsayin masu magana, wanda kuma, galibi su ne manyan abokan cinikin wadannan kamfanoni. Kuma kada mu manta cewa duk waɗannan kamfanonin suna da tallafin jihohi da na Turai a cikin R&D.
Saboda haka, masu magana da irin wannan abubuwan, waɗanda SECLA ke shiryawa, suna da ma'amala kai tsaye, ta hanyar matsayinsa na kwararru daban-daban, tare da kamfanonin da ke bashi kudi.
Shin wani yana jin wari?
Wani abu yana warin ruɓaɓɓe a Denmark
Tare da wannan tsokaci daga Hamlet, Na mai da hankali kan jerin ra'ayoyin kaina, cewa ina so in raba tare da ku, kuma ina fatan za ku taimake mu fahimci iyakokin wannan batun.
A takaice dai, sassan jami'o'in daban-daban da cibiyoyin kimiyya na wannan kasar, Suna siyan dabbobi don gwaji daga kamfanoni daban-daban a wannan fannin, galibi ƙasashe masu yawa, waɗanda ke ba da kuɗi ga ciungiyoyin Masana kimiyya da Associungiyoyi irin su SECLA, wanda inganta buƙatar ci gaba da gwaji kuma wannan yana magana ne game da batutuwa kamar su ilimin ɗabi'a da jin daɗin dabbobi a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma inganta jerin ƙa'idodin jin kai na dabbobi, kuma hakan yana ba da horo, ta hanyar kwasa-kwasai, laccoci, tarurruka da majalisu, inda manyan masu magana ke zama daraktoci, furofesoshi. , likitoci da masana kimiyya na sassan abubuwan da aka ambata.
Idan ba tuhuma ba, aƙalla abin sha'awa ne. Musamman lokacin da waɗannan Jami'o'in da Makarantun, Suna siyan karnukan Beagle akan Euro 1000 ga kowace dabba. Na san cewa wani zai yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana mini cewa waɗannan karnukan suna da daidaitaccen tsarin halitta, kuma suna da nau'in asali na musamman daga cututtuka da lahani na lalata, amma, na maimaita ... Yuro 1000 na Beagle ...
A cikin kyakkyawan ƙyanƙyashe, ɗayan kamar decasla, wanda ba shi da arha tunda yana haɗuwa da duk ƙa'idodi masu yiwuwa, kuma yana da ƙwarewar shekaru 20, wani karen Beagle tare da asalin, yana da farashin yuro 400. Ina ganin bambanci ne aooooooooda.
Kuma wannan shine yadda yake aiki a Spain. A Amurka, kamfanoni kai tsaye suna ba da kuɗi Ma'aikatan jami'a suna ba da guraben karatu da tallafin bincike ga masana kimiyya da daraktocin cibiyoyin kimiyya da kungiyoyi.
Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai Likitocin dabbobi da Furofesoshi a Kimiyyar Dabbobi, suna haɓaka kowane irin ka'idoji da karatuttukan da zasu taimaka wa masana'antun kamfanonin da zasu ƙare musu kuɗi. Kuma ba na so in nuna inda Fred yake, me ya sa yake da kyau in nuna Fred, in ba haka ba ...
Rushe ka'idar Fred
Mai da hankali kai tsaye kan ka'idar Fred Metzger na tsoho mai kyau, mai bincike, farfesa kuma likitan dabbobi a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, wanda a ganina, wani sashin maganganu ne da wani ya kamata ya san abin da yake magana a kansa, akwai wani ɓangare, ɓangaren bayanin maganganun ka'idarsa, inda ya sanya misali mai amfani don ƙara ƙima, wanda yake abin birgewa ne musamman idan ƙwararren masani ya faɗi hakan tare da ci gaba.
Gaske, Na yi fice da yawa. Na fadi hakan a sarari kuma na bayyana kaina. Tsohon likita Doctor Metzger ya gaya mana:
"Ina ganin idan muka bar karen na wani dan lokaci tare da wasu makwabta, kuma suka bayar da lada iri daya, nan da nan karen zai kaunace su kamar masu su"
Karnuka dabbobi ne na jama'a. Suna ƙirƙirar alaƙar motsin rai tare da mutanen da suke zaune tare da waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar dangantaka (da waɗanda ba su da ita), tun da a cikin garken, ya zama dole a sami alaƙa, kuma waɗannan galibi suna dogara ne da dalilai na yau da kullun da kuma manufofi. A bin misalin tsoho mai kyau Fred, idan muka bar karenmu ga maƙwabcin na ɗan lokaci, kuma ya ba shi kyaututtuka da lada, zai haɓaka shaƙatawa da maƙwabcin, duk da haka ba zai yi haka ba ta hanyar maye gurbin dangantakar da ke tsakaninsa tare da mu tare da sabo, zaka samu sabuwar dangantaka da wani, wanda ba sai yayi kama da wanda kake dashi ba.
Karnuka dabbobi ne da ke da motsin rai da motsin rai, ba injina waɗanda ke haifar da jerin halaye yayin fuskantar matsaloli ba. Yana da kyau al'ada karen ɗaya ya haɓaka halaye daban-daban yayin fuskantar abu guda, wanda ya fito daga mutane daban-daban. Wannan saboda kare yana dacewa da yanayi kuma yana canzawa daidai da yadda mutane suke, ta hanyar motsin rai da ji. Kuma na sanya misali mai sauki.
Idan mutane da yawa suka fitar da karen guda daya akan titi, kare zai kasance da halaye daban-daban tare da kowane mutum, ya danganta da halayensa da alakar da yake da ita. Babu matsala idan suka ba da kyauta iri ɗaya, kare zai daidaita da yanayin, kuma zai yi daban da kowane memba na ƙungiyar da yake. Kuma watakila ma duk sun baka kyaututtuka iri daya da lada iri daya, alakar ka da su zata banbanta da kowannensu, wanda kamar yadda na fada a baya, ya dogara da halayen kowane ɗayansu da kuma damuwar da suke da ita da kare.
Daga qarshe, misalin da Fred ya bamu yana da aibi cewa gaba ɗaya yayi watsi da ilimin halin dabba, kuma yana mai da hankali kai tsaye kan wani bangare guda na mu'amala tsakanin dan adam da kare, yana bayar da gurbatacciyar sigar halin da ake ciki, inda daga nan ne ya fitar da wasu hanzari na yanke hukunci wadanda babu inda za a ci gaba. Gaskiya ban san yadda wani ba tare da rikodin iliminsa zai iya faɗar irin wannan dabbancisai dai idan kuna da wata ma'ana game da shi.
Don ƙare
Yana da ban mamaki yadda, wani lokacin, muke karanta wasu nau'ikan labarai, muna bayanin kowane irin ra'ayoyi da karatu, cewa yana da sauƙi muyi mamaki, bayan karanta su, menene ƙarfin ilimin kimiyya kuma menene manufar su, kuma sau da yawa dole kawai muyi amfani da Ku Bono, don sanin inda suka taso da kuma masu sha'awar. Dole ne ku karanta labarin Dr. Metzger don ku fahimce shi. Nan na barshi ...Tambaya mai tambaya: Shin da gaske kare na na ƙaunata?
Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, na bar ku har zuwa makala ta gaba. Yi farin ciki da kula da karnukan ka.
